1	Computers: A History By Mark D. Martin
2	ENIAC 1945 Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer First General Purpose Electronic Computer Army Project 18,000 vacuum tubes; 2,000 replaced monthly 18,000 square feet
3	UNIVAC Universal Automatic Computer Completed in 1951 initially for Census Bureau Used to Predict the 1952 Presidential Election 1968 Univac 1108 with 1.3 mHz CPU, 500 kb RAM and 100 mb drive cost $1.6 million Company is now Unisys
4	IBM – The Mainframe Giant International Business Machines Large “Mainframe” Computers IBM 350 Disk File (1956) 4.4 megabytes leased for $35,000 per year $250,000 in today’s dollars!
5	Digital Equipment Company Formed 1957 Made “mini-computers” to compete with IBM mainframe computers PD-8 (mid 1960s) VAC (1978) Later acquired by Compaq, which merged with Hewlett Packard
6	Mini-computer Terminal Early 1970s Typical mini-computer terminal Similar to that used by Mr. Martin in 1972
7	From Vacuum Tubes to Transistors Control the flow of electric current Transistors smaller, more reliable, generate less heat and use less electricity Allowed development of mini computers Developed late 1940s Fairchild Semiconductor, Texas Instruments formed
8	Integrated Circuits Jack Kirby, Texas Instruments 1958 Robert Noyce, Fairchild 1959 Combine several transistors on one chip 1968 Moore and Grove leave Fairchild to form Intel 1971 - Intel 4004 used in calculators – a general purpose microprocessor as powerful as ENIAC
9	Calculators Integrated circuits allow for the development of pocket calculators TI 2500 Datamath First TI calculator 1972-73 Sold for $120, about $550 in today’s dollars
10	Altair 8800 – First Personal Computer December 1975 Popular Electronics Debut Intel 8800 microprocessor 256 bytes of RAM Kit cost $359 Input – switches Output – LED lights Compare with IBM 5100 Sept 1975, $20,000, 16K RAM
11	BASIC and Peripherals for Altair BASIC programming language for the Altair written by college students Bill Gates and Paul Allen who formed Microsoft Teletype machine could be used as a keyboard, printer, display and paper tape storage device
12	Apple I 1976 Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak form Apple Computer Apple I – 8k RAM Motherboard only Connections for video, keyboard and cassette player $666.66 (with 4k RAM)
13	Apple I - continued Apple I in user made case Wozniak, Jobs and Apple 1
14	Apple II – 1^st Mass Produced Computer 1977 Wozniak designed Ready to use with molded case and keyboard – just add monitor First “Killer App” was Visicalc
15	Apple II+, IIe, IIc and IIgs Apple II line continued into early ’90s Apple II+ Apple IIe Apple IIc Apple IIgs Promoted in schools
16	Commodore PET CBM 8032 Vic 20 Commodore 64 Commodore 128
17	Atari 1979 Atari 400 and 800 1983 Atari 800 XL with 1050 Disk Drive pictured here
18	Texas Instruments TI 99/4 – June 1979 16kb RAM $1,150 with monitor (really a television) TI 99/4A – June 1981 16k RAM Originally $550 February 1983 $150 March 1984 TI exits home computer market
19	TRS 80 Tandy Radio Shack TRS 80 line Model 1 - August 1977 1^st month – 10,000 sold Followed by Model II, III, 4 and 4p (portable)
20	TRS 80 – Model 100, 1^st Laptop 1^st laptop LCD screen Up to 32K RAM Non-volatile memory Produced by Kyocera 4 AA batteries for up to 20 hours Built in software designed by Bill Gates and others Still used by journalists today
21	CP/M Based – Example - Kaypro Digital Research’s CP/M Operating System Z-80 Processor The predominant operating system for series business computers in the late 1970s and early 1980s
22	IBM PC 5150 – Setting the Standard August 12, 1981 Choose Microsoft DOS instead of CP/M Microsoft and Gates predominant as a result Open architecture Assembled from other companies’ components Intel 8088 processor 16k to 640k RAM 360k disk drives Price $1600 with 16k RAM and no drives, $5000 full system
23	Compaq Portable The first Compaq – company formed by former TI employees March 1983 release 100% IBM Compatible BIOS reversed engineered RAM 128k to 640k Two 320k drives
24	MSDOS Programs A: Prompt List commands Ex. diskcopy A: B: Run programs such as A: WS WordStar Complex set of commands No mouse
25	Apple Macintosh – Graphical User Interface Introduced January 1984 1^st affordable graphical user interface (prior Apple Lisa was $10,000) 1^st 3.5 inch floppy drive Borrowed from earlier ideas Mouse - Douglas Engelbart 1964 prototype 1968 demonstration 1979 Xerox Alto - Palo Alto Research Center (PARC)
26	Microsoft Windows Microsoft followed with Windows 1.0 in 1985 Windows 2.0 Windows 3.0 and 3.1 in 1992 Windows 95 Windows 98 and 98 Second Edition Windows 2000, Windows ME Windows XP Emphasis on MSDOS and IBM OS/2, and litigation, delayed a graphical user interface similar to Mac until Windows 95
27	Moore’s Law - Introduction From Gordon Moore’s original 1965 paper “Integrated circuits will lead to such wonders as home computers . . . and personal portable communications equipment.” ftp://download.intel.com/research/silicon/moorespaper.pdf
28	Statement of Moore’s Law Moore’s Law currently states that the number of transistors per square unit on integrated circuits will double every 1.5 years. It is expected that Moore’s Law will remain true for at least the next 20 years. http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/Moores_Law.html
29	IBM Clones IBM open system resulted in it being freely copied Other manufacturers like Compaq/Hewlett Packard and Dell have become dominant
30	IBM Clones - Continued
31	Computer Prices Today
32	Conclusions and Future In the 60 years since ENIAC we have come along way For $350 you can own a complete computer system thousands of times more powerful than one costing hundreds of thousands of dollars 30+ years ago Moore’s Law predicted to continue another 20+ years Continued impact of the Internet (not covered here) Potential new technologies such as DNA computers! Problems Rapid obsolesce leads to tremendous waste of resources and disposal problems Equity issues – making technology available to all Need for responsible acquisition and use of technology